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Introduction ? La Th?orie Musicale


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(base de travail : http://www.talkbass.com/forum/showthread.php?t=125519 )

La musique est universelle mais chacune a son langage.

Celui de la musique occidentale (depuis Bach jusqu'à nos jours) est basé sur l'apprentissage des gammes.

La gamme chromatique est une gamme qui utilise les 12 hauteurs (aussi appelées tons, ou notes) disponibles.

Ces hauteurs sont :

Do - do #/ré b - ré - ré #/mi b - mi - fa - fa #/sol b - sol - sol #/la b - la - la #/si b - si(- do - do #...)

Notez que la gamme est un cycle, qui boucle sur lui même.

A partir de ces douze hauteurs, on construit toute la musique que vous entendez couramment. Un piano ou un clavier offrent, à mon avis, la meilleure façon de se les approprier.

keyboard.gif

"#" se dit "dièse" et signifie une augmentation de la hauteur d'un rang dans la gamme.

"b" se dit "bémol" et signifie une diminution de la hauteur d'un rang dans la gamme.

Par exemple :

Do # ("do dièse") est un rang plus haut dans la gamme que do.

Si b ("si bémol") est un rang plus bas dans la gamme que si.

Les dièses et bémols affectent la hauteur des notes d'un rang dans la gamme, c'est à dire qu'ils augmentent (dièse) ou diminuent (bémol) la hauteur d'un demi-ton.

C'est pour cette raison que les notes ont plusieurs noms :

La # (la + 1/2 ton) = Si b (si - 1/2 ton)

Ré # (ré + 1/2 ton) = Mi b (mi - 1/2 ton)

Et même (et oui !) :

Do = Si # (si + 1/2 ton)

Mi = Fa b (fa - 1/2 ton)

chromscale.gif

Ici, nous avons deux listes de hauteurs, exprimées l'une avec des dièses et l'autre des bémols.

Les notes indiquées entre parenthèses à côté d'une autre note dans la liste sont dites enharmoniques. Une note enharmonique peut être écrite de deux façons différentes, qui renvoient à la même hauteur. La # est dit enharmonique à Si b. Ré # et Mi b sont enharmoniques.

Qu'est-ce qu'une gamme chromatique ?

Les gammes forment des motifs avec les notes. Elles établissent des distances entre les hauteurs et la façon dont elles interagissent. La distance entre deux hauteurs est ce qu'on appelle un intervalle. Reprenez la liste des douze notes : la distance de La à La # est d'une seule note, n'est-ce pas ? Il s'agit d'un demi-ton. La distance entre La et Si est de deux notes. On appelle cela un ton. Nous connaissons donc deux intervalles : le demi-ton et le ton. A partir de cette seule information --- les 12 notes, les demi-tons et les tons --- il est possible d'appréhender les gammes.

La gamme chromatique est constituée de 12 hauteurs (les 12 notes disponibles), de la fondamentale à l'octave, toutes espacées d'un demi-ton. On la nomme d'après la première note qui la compose.

Une gamme chromatique de Ré# se présentera donc ainsi :

Ré # - Mi - Fa - Fa # - Sol - Sol # - La - La # - Si - Do - Do # - (Ré)

Mi b étant un autre nom de Ré #, on peut aussi écrire

Mib - Mi - Fa - Sol b - Sol - La b - La - Si b - Si - Do - Ré b - (Ré)

Il s'agit de la même gamme.

Facile, non ?

Pour chaque gamme il est très important de repérer les intervalles (la distance) entre les hauteurs. La gamme chromatique est très simple de ce point de vue puisqu'elle est composée de tous les tons.

Une gamme chromatique est toujours constituée de 12 hauteurs, chacune espacée d'un demi-ton d'avec la précédente. Il s'agit d'une gamme importante ; cependant je vais donner quelques détails à propos d'un autre type de gamme. La gamme diatonique est très importante également. On s'y réferre plus généralement en tant que gamme majeure.

La Gamme majeure

Une gamme majeure est simplement une formule utilisée pour dégager un langage musical à partir des douzes hauteurs. Prenons-en une (presque) au hasard : Do. Si nous partons de Do pour construire une gamme majeure (ou diatonique), nous parlerons de la gamme de Do.

Comment construire cette gamme ? Voici la formule :

ton - ton - demi-ton - ton - ton - ton - demi-ton

Ainsi, partant de Do, on monte d'un ton, vers Ré, un autre ton vers Mi, un demi-ton pour Fa, de nouveau un ton vers Sol, un ton vers La, un ton vers Si, et encore un demi-ton pour revenir à Do (une octave plus haut).

Donc, en utilisant la formule précédente (1 - 1 - 1/2 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1/2), la gamme majeure de Do sera :

Do - Ré - Mi - Fa - Sol - La - Si - (do)

La note de départ de la gamme, ici Do, est appelée la tonique.

Nous savons maintenant comment fabriquer une gamme de Do majeur. Bravo. Il vous faut maintenant utiliser la même formule et apprendre la gamme majeure dans les 12 tonalités. Le meilleur moyen pour y parvenir est d'utiliser le cercle des quintes (qu'on peut aussi appeler cercle des quartes, question de point de vue). Il fera (un jour) l'objet d'une rubrique d'instruction.

Pour illustrer la théorie permettant de construire une gamme, essayons dans une autre tonalité. Fa majeur par exemple.

Pour construire la gamme majeure de fa, commençons par noter un fa. C'est toujours ça.

Ensuite, en utilisant la formule de construction exposée plus haut (ton - ton - demi-ton - ton - ton - ton - demi-ton), progressez par sauts de puce dans la liste des hauteurs.

Fa + 1 ton = sol; + 1 ton = la; + 1/2 ton = la #.

Hop hop hop, problème. Une gamme majeure ne peut pas être écrite en utilisant plus d'une fois une note de même nom. Pas le droit. Interdit. Nicht. Niet.

Ben oui, mais on fait quoi alors ?

Et bien, nous avons vu plus haut que les notes avaient 2 noms disponibles. Un coup d'oeil dans la liste des hauteurs, si on ne peut pas utiliser la #, nous utiliserons donc si b.

En utilisant la première partie de la formule (ton ton demi-ton), nous avons obtenu :

Fa - sol - la - si b

En poursuivant l'application de la formule (un ton vers do, un ton vers mi, un demi-ton final qui permet d'arriver sur fa et de boucler la gamme sur l'octave), on arrive à :

Fa - sol - la - si b - do - ré - mi - (fa)

Essayez donc vous même avec la gamme de sol majeur (sans tricher). Vous devriez arriver à :

Sol - la - si - do - ré - mi - fa # - (sol)

Sinon, vous vous êtes trompé et il faut recommencer. :p

Un petit détail encore : en plus de ne pas pouvoir utiliser 2 fois une note portant le même nom, il est interdit de mélanger dièses et bémols dans une même gamme. On peut avoir autant de # et de b que nécessaire mais jamais les deux en même temps.

Insistons lourdement sur la gamme majeure et sa compréhension. Elle est essentielle et fondamentale.

Prenez le temps de retenir les intervalles, portez les sur votre(vos) instrument(s), construisez des gammes majeures au hasard dans toutes les tonalités sur le papier, dans votre tête et sur le manche.

Ca y est ? Menteur. Recommencez encore et encore jusqu'à ce que ce soit naturel et immédiat. Ca ne vient pas en une journée.

La maîtrise de la gamme majeure ouvre la porte à tout le reste de la théorie. La gamme mineure, les modes, les triades, les accords.

D'autres gammes seront traitées, souvent dérivées ou parentes de la gamme majeure et se construisant sur le même principe, simplement avec une formule différente : pentatoniques, gamme blues, mélodique mineure, harmonique mineure et beaucoup d'autres.

Tout cela restera obscur ou mal assimilé si vous ne connaissez pas parfaitement la gamme majeure et sa construction.

Enfin vous faites comme vous voulez hein, mais on vous aura prévenu. :lollarge:

Les triades

Qu'est-ce qu'une triade ?

C'est un type d'accord.

Ok, qu'est-ce qu'un accord ?

C'est un groupe de 3 notes ou plus jouées en même temps.

Mais encore ?

Une triade est un accord composé de 3 notes dont les intervalles forment une tonique, une tierce et une quinte.

Et oui, les intervalles, encore eux. Jusqu'ici nous avons abordé les intervalles d'un demi-ton (qu'on peut aussi appeler seconde mineure) et d'un ton (seconde majeure). Il en existe beaucoup d'autres (patience, patience). Nous allons en considérer 3 :

- La tierce majeure est un intervalle de 2 tons.

- La tierce mineure est un intervalle d'1 ton 1/2.

- La quinte est un intervalle formé de 3 tons 1/2.

On peut voir la quinte comme l'addition de 2 tierces.

Fort de nos nouvelles connaissances, nous pouvons construire une grande quantité d'accords. Ici encore, il convient de bien assimiler ces données avant de poursuivre. Ca n'a l'air de rien mais c'est encore du boulot.

Par chance, nul n'est besoin d'une basse entre les mains pour travailler ici. Dans les embouteillages, dans le bus, pendant un cours soulant, vous pouvez vous évader un peu en pensant à la musique.

En vous basant sur la liste des notes donnée en tête de sujet et sur les intervalles précités, cherchez des correspondances, retournez les dans tous les sens jusqu'à ce que les progressions deviennent naturelles.

Quelle est la tierce mineure de si b ? La tierce majeure de mi ? La seconde majeure de si..?

Sans en faire une obsession, c'est un exercice très profitable. Plus vous ferez tourner les notes dans votre tête, mieux vous visualiserez les correspondances de l'une à l'autre.

Pourquoi faire ? (et oui, pourquoi donc ?) Et bien, pour construire facilement des triades.

Here are the triads that appear naturally in a major scale. I'll explain in

a few minutes what it means for a triad to appear in the major scale.

· Major chord: Root + Major 3rd + minor 3rd

· Minor chord: Root + minor 3rd + Major 3rd

· Diminished chord: Root + minor 3rd + minor 3rd

So, using that information, let's construct a Major chord. The root

is also the name of the chord. Let's stay with C. So, a Cmaj

chord will take the root, C, move up a Major 3rd, E, then up a minor 3rd, G.

Cmaj. chord = C - E - G

How 'bout a minor chord. C, the root, up a minor 3rd, or Eb, up a Major 3rd,

which is G.

Cmin. chord = C - Eb - G

And a diminished chord. C, the root, up a minor 3rd, or Eb, up a minor 3rd

again, which is Gb.

Cdim. chord = C - Eb - Gb

Congrats. 3 chords constructed. How does this relate to the major scale?

Back to Cmaj: C - D - E - F - G - A - B - c

Let's use some backwards thinking from what we just learned, and build chords

with each scale degree, using the notes of the scale. To do this, the easy way

to think of it, is to take the root and use every other note, as every other

note in the major scale is a 3rd from the other. Whether it's a minor 3rd or

Major 3rd is what we'll figure out. Confused, yet? It gets better.

So, let's do that.

First note of the scale = C. The scale gives us every other note as C - E -

G. (Look familiar?)

C being the root (roman numeral I), E is a Major 3rd from C, and G is a minor

3rd from E. What chord has a root, then Major 3rd, then minor 3rd? Major chord.

The chord found naturally from the root (I) of a major scale, is a major

chord.

The second scale position (ii) is D. Using the scale, the chord we would find

is D - F - A. D being the root, F is a minor 3rd from D, and A is a Major 3rd

from F. Root + minor 3rd + Major 3rd = minor chord.

The chord found naturally from the ii of a major scale, is a minor chord.

Do the same for each position, next with E (E - G - B), then F (F - A - C),

then G (G - B - D), then A (A - C - E), then finally B (B - D - F). You should

get:

C D E F G A B c

I ii iii IV V vi vii I

Maj. min. min Maj Maj min dim Maj

Notice the Roman number scale degrees. Also notice that the major chords

are capitalized, and the minor chords (or diminished) are lower-case. You'll

find this common in most musical notation.

What this tells us, is that in every single major scale, the first note

of the scale (the I, or root, position) is going to be a major key. Here's what

this would look like for Fmaj.

F G A B C D E f

I ii iii IV V vi vii I

Maj. min. min Maj Maj min dim Maj

The "I" chord from Fmaj, is F - A - C, a major chord. Also, didja

notice that this chord also appears as the "IV" position of Cmaj?

Neat, eh? The Cmaj. triad is found as the root of the C major chord, but also

as the fourth scale position of the F major scale.

Application à la basse

Remember that the principles that I'm outlining are basic music theory principles.

I haven't mentioned how they relate to a particular instrument yet. I really

believe the piano is the best instrument for first learning scales and chords,

seeing how intervals form, and what they mean, but you can apply this to any

instrument. Which would, of course, include the bass.

So put away the things I've been speaking of so far, and look at the bass.

Bass%20Fretboard.gif

The strings are tuned E-A-D-G from lowest to highest. What you may notice is

that the strings are spaced a fourth apart. Then each individual string's pitch

can be manipulated by fretting. Starting with the E string, when you fret from

the first fret, you raise the pitch by one semitone. Then if you fret the second

fret, you raise the pitch a semitone from F, which would be F# (Gb). Going forward

all the way to the 12th fret, you get:

E -- F -- F# -- G -- G# -- A -- A# -- B -- C -- C# -- D -- D# -- e

This is a chromatic scale. We're used to seeing it begin at C, per my earlier

examples. This just happens to begin at E. Doing the same thing for the other

string, you're fretboard should look like this:

G - G# - A - A# - B - C - C# - D - D# - E - F - F# - G

D - D# - E - F - F# - G - G# - A - A# - B - C - C# - D

A - A# - B - C - C# - D - D# - E - F - F# - G - G# - A

E - F - F# - G - G# - A - A# - B - C - C# - D - D# - E

The trick now is to be able to identify a major scale on your own. The

fretboard itself is not designed to naturally show the major scale. However,

as the intervals between the strings are the same, transposing on a stringed

instrument is fabulously simple. If you look for Cmaj, (C-D-E-F-G-A-B-c), starting

with the E string, you'll find your scale by playing (in tab form):

G: 2 - 4 5

D: 2 3 - 5

A: 2 3 - 5

E: - 3 - 5

These are all the possible notes of the Cmaj scale in a four-fret position

at the lowest point on the neck (to play a complete scale). The lowest note

I show is the 3rd fret of the E string (G), the fifth of the scale. It's a possible

note of the scale, but many people prefer to only show the notes on the A-D-G

strings because you can play one full octave of the scale that way. That's fine

too, I just wanted to show you where all the notes in that finger position are.

So you'll notice the 3rd fret of the A string is C, and the 5th fret of the

G string is C. If you play that pattern with that beginning and end point, you've

played one octave of Cmaj.

If you wanted to play a Db major scale, let's use the t-t-s-t-t-t-s formula

to get the Dbmaj. scale, which would be:

Db - Eb - F - Gb - Ab - Bb - C - db

And to show, in tab form, that scale on the fretboard, you would have:

G: 3 - 5 6

D: 3 4 - 6

A: 3 4 - 6

E: - 4 - 6

Notice how the pattern just moved one step higher on the fretboard? The root

of the first scale was C. The root of the second scale was Db, which is a semi-tone

higher than C, eh? So just move the pattern one semi-tone higher.

Personally, I think memorizing patterns is fine, but it's better to memorize

the notes of the scale, or the intervals, and discover patterns on your own,

it will make you very familiar with the fretboard.

The Minor Scale (Natural or Pure Minor)

So I haven't talked about minor scales yet. There's been some talk of the major

scale and triads, but nothing about the minor scale.

The natural minor scale is built from a similar formula of intervals

as the major scale. Instead of the formula we're used to of "t-t-s-t-t-t-s,"

the order of tones and semitones for minor scales is:

t-s-t-t-s-t-t

So, let's use as an example, C again, for a C minor scale.

Start with C, then move one whole tone to D, then a semitone to Eb, then a

whole tone to F, then another whole tone to G, then a semitone to Ab, then a

tone to Bb, then another tone back to c (the octave). This gives us a C minor

scale:

C - D - Eb - F - G - Ab - Bb - c

So let's look at everyone's favorite major scale; Cmajor.

C - D - E - F - G - A - B - c

Every scale has it's RELATIVE NATURAL MINOR. The relative minor is the

minor scale built from a major scale. It's considered one of the scale's modes,

which essentially is simply playing the same scale from different root points

within the scale. (Maybe I'll do modes later). So, play a C major scale with

A, (the sixth position of the scale), as the root:

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - a

This isn't a major scale right? Notice it does follow the format of a minor

scale. Amin is the relative minor scale to C Major. The Sixth

position of a major scale is the relative minor. You can also note that the

relative minor root is a minor 3rd lower than the Major root. A is a minor 3rd

lower than C.

With major scales, we have a series of triads that naturally occur:

C D E F G A B

I ii iii IV V vi vii

(Note the trend that Major triads are represented by a capital Roman numeral,

and that minor triads are associated with a lower case Roman numeral).

This is just to illustrate how the order of the notes changes, but when building

triads, each one retains it's interval value.

Play a C major scale, then a C minor scale. Try and hear the differences between

the two scales, the feel of them, the flavors. Major scales and minor scales

have no instructions as to when or apply them. It's up to you to know them,

understand them, and get the feel in you to decide how you want to use the notes

from these scales.

In practicing, I strongly advice to become just as familiar with the minor

scales for all pitches, as you are with the major scales for all pitches. Also,

understand the relative minors to each scale. The best way to do this, I feel,

is through the Circle of Fifths.

The Pentatonic Scale

Ah, the Pentatonic Scale. The crutch of the rock guitarist. The cliff notes

of tonal theory. The scale responsible for making Eric Clapton a millionare!

Okay, kidding.

The pentatonic scale is just another type of scale, similar to the major

or minor. As such, a major and minor pentatonic scale exists. So, how 'bout

we have a good look at those today.

Let's look at the diatonic scales (major and minor) again, and look at the

intervals a little differently than we were. I was introducing them as

either (t-t-s-t-t-t-s) or (t-s-t-t-s-t-t), for major and minor, respectively.

Here's another way to look at it.

Let's take C major again (are we getting sick of this scale, hmmmmm?)

C - D - E - F - G - A - B

Start with the root, and another way to think of the scale is

Root - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7

Okay, boring. Whatever. Look at Cminor and you'll notice where I'm going with

these intervals.

C - D - Eb - F - G - Ab - Bb

Root - 2 - b3 - 4 - 5 - b6 - b7

Okay! Now do you see where I'm going with this? A minor scale is just a

major scale with a lowered 3rd, 6th, and 7th.

Now, how can we use this information for evilà Well.....wait, wrong thread.

Sorry.

Anyhoo, looking at the scale as a whole group of intervals, in relation to

the root, can be easier than thinking, "okay, Eb, um....minor, okay, first

um, tone, then um....a....semitruck, um, tone, then....um....wait!" See

what I mean?

I like this approach when I'm looking at the fingerboard. If you understand

the intervalic relationship on your fingerboard, playing any scale will be easier,

knowing the intervals of the scale from the root.

So how does this pentatonic stuff fit in? Like I said, it's just another type

of scale. There's nothing more special, or less special, about it, in comparison

to the diatonic scale.

Okay, here's Pentatonic Major: (director's cut):

t - t - 1.5t - t - 1.5t

Um....what?

Okay, humor me. C Pentatonic Major. Start with the root, C. Move up a tone,

D. Move up another tone, E. Now, one and a half tones to G, then another tone

to A.

C Pentatonic Major = C - D - E - G - A - c

Here's how I like to think about it:

Root - 2 - 3 - 5 - 6

Ahhhhh, so root = C. Then a second, D. A third, is E. What's a fifth from C,

why, it's G! Then a 6th, A.

While I'm thinking of it..... C Pentatonic minor:

1.5t - t - t - 1.5t - t

Ummmm.........

C Pentatonic Minor. Start with C. Follow the formular, um....C, then Eb, then

F, G, Bb.

Here's how I like to think about this one:

Root - b3 - 4 - 5 - b7

C - Eb - F - G - Bb - c

Pentatonic Major and Minor. So, what do you do with them? Why jeez boy, the

same thing you do with every scale, you play it and play it and play it. You

play it ascending and descending. You play it for two octaves, then 3. You play

it out of sequence. You doodle around in using only scale tones. You figure

out the triads in those scales, you play those. You let your ears get the flavor

of the scale. You let your fingers know them inside and out. You solo in them.

Pentatonic scales are the lifeblood of rock music. Listen very closely to the

differences between the Pentatonic Scales and the Diatonic Scales. It's just

a matter of letting your ear here what is different. What is a Pentatonic

Major scale but a Diatonic scale without the 4 or 7?

What is the Pentatonic Minor scale but a Diatonic minor scale without the

2 or 6?

A good question to ask yourself is, why take out those notes to build a scale?

What is so special about those notes? Now, I could give you some answers as

to what is accepted in music circles, but really, it's more important to listen

to the differences of those scales, and LET YOUR EARS tell you

the differences, so that you can make up your own mind about how you

want to use these scales, and how you want to play them. I can't encourage that

enough.

Scales for all Keys

Okay, so now we've seen the major and minor scales, pentatonic scales, and

building triads.

We've seen the "formula" for creating scales is a system of using

whole tones and semi-tones (whole steps and half steps). I also mentioned that

there are twelve different tones (or notes) in music, so we have scales for

twelve different keys. Let's look at the notes of the major scales for all twelve

keys. Remember, we start with the tonal center, or root, and use the formula

of t-t-s-t-t-t-s, which is also 1-2-3-4-5-6-7 as discussed in another post.

So, here we go:

C: C - D - E - F - G - A - B - c

Do : do - ré - mi - fa - sol - la - si - do

F: F - G - A - Bb - C - D - E - f

Fa : fa - sol - la - si b - do - ré - mi - fa

Bb: Bb - C - D - Eb - F - G - A - bb

Si b : si b - do - ré - mi b - fa - sol - la - si b

Eb: Eb - F - G - Ab - Bb - C - D - eb

Mi b : mi b - fa - sol - la b - si b - do - ré - mi b

Ab: Ab - Bb - C - Db - Eb - F - G - ab

La b : la b - si b - do - ré b - mi b - fa - sol - la b

Db: Db - Eb - F - Gb - Ab - Bb - C - db

Ré b : ré b - mi b - fa - sol b - la b - si b - do - ré b

Gb: Gb - Ab - Bb - Cb - Db - Eb - F - gb

B: B - C# - D# - E - F# - G# - A# - b

E: E - F# - G# - A - B - C# - D# - e

A: A - B - C# - D - E - F# - G# - a

D: D - E - F# - G - A - B - C# - d

G: G - A - B - C - D - E - F# - g

Now that we see all of the major keys, we know that the relative natural

minor for all of these keys is the sixth position (Aeolian) of the

major scale. So for Cmaj, the minor key is:

(A minor)

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - a

For Gmaj, we have:

(E minor)

E - F# - G - A - B - C - D - e

Go through all twelve keys, like I did for the major keys, and get the natural

minor key. So build the natural minor, t-s-t-t-s-t-t, or (1-2-b3-4-5-b6-b7).

Do this for all keys.

I like the manner of deriving the scale from the intervallic relationship.

Instead of thinking tones and semitones, remember that your whole scale is your

1-2-3-4-5-6-7, and to get a minor scale, lower the 3, 6, and 7. Take A Major.

Here's the major scale:

A - B - C# - D - E - F# - G# - a

Lower the 3, 6, and 7 for the minor key:

A - B - C - D - E - F - G - a

7th Chords

Building chords is a system of 3rds. I've discussed some of these intervals

before in talking about Major, Minor, and Diminished Triads, all which

appear naturally in the major and minor scales.

To refresh, a 3rd is an interval, a distance from one note to another.

· A Major 3rd is a distance of 2 whole steps, (or two whole tones)

· A Minor 3rd is a distance of 1.5 steps, (or one whole tone and one

semitone)

Again, here's the chromatic scale:

C -- C# -- D -- D# -- E -- F -- F# -- G -- G# -- A -- A# --

B

From D, a major 3rd is F#

From E, a major 3rd is G#

From G, a major 3rd is B

From E, a minor 3rd is G

From C, a minor 3rd is Eb

From F, a minor 3rd is Ab

Again, when away from your instrument, a great exercise is to go over these

in your head. What's a major 3rd from G? What's a minor 3rd from B? Do this

over and over. Get it in your head.

Note: Notice how from C a minor 3rd is Eb, not D#. Although Eb and D#

are enharmonics, (the same note), the note is written as Eb, not D#. In

intervals, the notes are chosen by their distance from one another. From

C, a 3rd will always be E. If it's a major 3rd, we know it's E natural.

If it's a minor 3rd it's Eb. If it's an augmented (raised) 3rd, then it's

E#. If we want to go to another interval, a 2nd, then from C, we go to D.

If it's a major 2nd, then it's D natural. If it's a minor 2nd, then it's

Db. If it's an augmented 2nd, then the note is D#. Notice that an augmented

2nd, is the same as a minor 3rd, but they're written differently. Take some

time reviewing this concept.

Now, recall the three triads found in a major scale:

Major: Root + Major 3rd + minor 3rd

Minor: Root + minor 3rd + Major 3rd

Diminished: Root + minor 3rd + minor 3rd

Incidentally, here's another triad. It does not appear naturally in the major

scale:

Augmented: Root + Major 3rd + Major 3rd

Let's build TRIADS from the scale. Once again, constructing chords from

a major scale, let's say Cmaj, we use intervals of 3rds. I've placed the scale

position, in Roman numerals, underneath each scale tone. We take every other

note to build our triads.

C - D - E - F - G - A - B

C= C,E,G

D= D,F,A

E= E,G,B

F= F,A,C

G= G,B,D

A= A,C,E

B= B,D,F

The first chord is C-E-G. This chord has C, the root, followed by E,

a major 3rd, to G, a minor 3rd from E, which means it's a major chord.

So we have:

C: (I) : C-E-G : C Major

D: (ii) : D-F-A : D minor

E: (iii) : E-G-B : E minor

F: (IV) : F-A-C : F Major

G: (V) : G-B-D : G Major

A: (vi) : A-C-E : A minor

B: (vii) : B-D-F : B diminished

These chords are TRIADS, because they're chords built from 3rds, containing

a total of 3 notes.

7th chords are the logical extensions. 7th chords, still using 3rds,

add a forth note, the 7th!

Here are your common 7th chords:

Major 7th: Root + Major 3rd + Minor 3rd + Major 3rd

Minor 7th: Root + minor 3rd + Major 3rd + minor 3rd

Dominant 7th: Root + Major 3rd + minor 3rd + minor 3rd

Minor 7th (flat 5): Root + minor 3rd + minor 3rd + Major 3rd

Let's build one of each 7th chords for C.

C Major 7th: C to a Major 3rd is E. E to a minor 3rd is G. G to a major

3rd is B. C-E-G-B.

C Minor 7th: C to a minor 3rd is Eb. Eb to a Major 3rd is G. G to a

minor 3rd is Bb. C-Eb-G-Bb.

C Dominant 7th: C to a major 3rd is E. E to a minor 3rd is G. G to a

minor 3rd is Bb. C-E-G-Bb

C Minor 7 (flat 5): C to a minor 3rd is Eb. Eb to a minor 3rd is Gb.

Gb to a Major 3rd is Bb. C-Eb-Gb-Bb

Let's build 7th chords from the scale. Yet again, constructing chords

from a major scale, let's say Cmaj, we use intervals of 3rds. I've placed the

scale position, in Roman numerals, underneath each scale tone. We take every

other note to build our triads.

C - D - E - F - G - A - B

C= C,E,G,B

D= D,F,A,C

E= E,G,B,D

F= F,A,C,E

G= G,B,D,F

A= A,C,E,G

B= B,D,F,A

Look at the first chord we've constructed from this scale, which is C-E-G-B.

Look at the intervals. E is a Major 3rd from C. G is a minor 3rd from E. B is

a Major 3rd from G. So what 7th chord is Root + Major 3rd + minor 3rd + Major

3rd? A Major 7th. Do the same for all of the chords, and we have:

C: (I) : C-E-G-B : C Major7

Do :

D: (ii) : D-F-A-C : D minor7

Ré :

E: (iii) : E-G-B-D : E minor7

Mi :

F: (IV) : F-A-C-E : F Major7

Fa : (IV) : fa-la-do-mi : fa majeur septième

G: (V) : G-B-D-F : G Dominant7

Sol : (V) : sol-si-ré-fa : sol M7 (sol septième de dominante)

A: (vi) : A-C-E-G : A minor7

La : (vi) : la-do-mi-sol : la m7 (mineur septième)

B: (vii) : B-D-F-A : B minor7 (b5)

Si : (vii) : si-ré-fa-la : si m7b5 (mineur septième quinte diminuée)

Ahhhh, ces chers accords de septième. Maintenant, entrainez vous à jouer toutes les septièmes majeures, septièmes de dominante et accords mineurs quinte diminuée dans les 12 tonalités. 2coutez les accords et jouez les sur un piano ou un logiciel afin de vous habituer à leur sonorité et de les reconnaitre facilement.

Y'a du taf sur l'établi. Bon courage.

Librement traduit d'une leçon écrite par

Jazzbo pour TalkBass

Publié avec l'autorisation de l'auteur.

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Glossaire

Here are some definitions of some "need-to-know" terms. Some of these

are straight from THE HARVARD CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MUSIC, a must

have for anyone serious in learning theory. I've paraphrased, added, or rewritten

where I thought it made it easier to understand.

PITCH: The perceived highness or lowness of a sound. It is a function

primarily of frequency, though at some etremes of frequency, intensity may also

affect the perception of pitch.

There are twelve pitches (or pitch classes) in Western tonal music, each of

which is represented in each octave of the entire range of pitches.

In slang: "D**n girl, dem be some crazy pitches! Get them pitches out

my face!, knowuti'msayin?

NOTE: The signs with which music is written on a staff. Colloquially,

see PITCH.

SCALE: The underlying tonal material of some particular music, arranged

in an order or rising pitches. The basic scale is the diatonic scale, usually

referred to as the major scale, as distinguished from the pure minor scale.

Both major and minor scales may be transposed to start on any one of the twelve

pitches (pitch classes). Thus there are twelve major scales and twelve minor

scales, on in each key.

KEY: In a song (composition), the main pitch or "tonal center"

to which all of the composition's pitches are related; by extension, the entire

tonal material itself in relation to its center. Key is practically synonymous

with tonality, since one may describe a composition as being the key of, e.g.,

C.

TONALITY: A system of organizing pitch in which a single pitch (or tone,

call the tonic), is made central. "Key" is the more popular term.

Tonality being rarely used.

CHROMATIC: An adjective applied to the scale that includes all of the

12 pitches (and thus all of the 12 semitones) contained in an octave, (as opposed

to the diatonic scale).

MAJOR SCALE: Consists of 5 whole tones (t) and 2 semitones (s) in the

following arrangement: t-t-s-t-t-t-s, where the first tone is the key or tonal

center.

MINOR SCALE: Consists of 5 whole tones (t) and 2 semitones (s) in the

following arrangement: t-s-t-t-s-t-t, also where the first tone is the key or

tonal center.

CHORD: Three or more tones sounded simultaneously, two simultaneous

tones usually being designated as an interval. The most basic chords are the

major and minor triads and their inversions. Other chords that play an important

role are the seventh chord, ninth chord, the augmented sixth chord, and the

diminished triad.

ARPEGGIO: The notes of a chord played one after another instead of simultaneously.

(Important for bassists, as bassists played arpeggios more often than not).

INTERVAL: The distance (in terms of pitch) between two pitches. Intervals

are named according to (1) the number of diatonic scale degrees comprised, as

represented in the letter names of the two pitches, and (2) the number of semitones

between the two pitches.

I'm not going to get into this definition that well. Harvard's dictionary has

a table which demonstrates it exceptionally well, but took me several reads

to fully understand. As stated in a previous post, the only important intervals,

for now, are the major 3rd (2 whole tones) and minor 3rd (1.5 whole tones).

TRIAD: A chord of three pitches consisting of a pitch called the root

and the pitches a third and fifth above it. There are four kinds of triad, depending

on the exact sizes of the intervals combined: major, minor, diminished, augmented.

DIMINISHED TRIAD: A chord consisting of the root, a minor 3rd, and then

another minor 3rd. Example: C - Eb - Gb. C being the root, Eb a minor 3rd (1.5

whole tones) from the root, and Gb being a minor 3rd from Eb. This chord is

said to be dissonant. It appears naturally in a major scale in the 7th position.

AUGMENTED: A chord consisting of the root, a major 3rd, and then another

major 3rd. Example: D - F# - A#. D being the root, F# a major 3rd (2 whole tones)

from D, and A# a major 3rd from F#. This chord is also said to be dissonant,

and does not appear naturally in the diatonic scale.

CONSONANCE / DISSONANCE: Popularly, a combination of pitches that are

pleasing or displeasing. More accurately, consonances are those combinations

of pitches that have been used in Western tonal music as suitable points of

at least momentary repose and not necessarily requiring resolution. Dissonances

are those combinations that, in Western tonal music, do not serve as points

or repose but require, instead, resolution to some consonance.

This is an extremely subjective issue. The best way to understand this is to

hear consance versus dissonance. Major and minor triads are said to be consanant

while augmented and diminished triads are said to be dissonant. Play both on

a piano. First play a diminished chord, then a major just after. Now try it

the other way around. Listen very carefully to the sound of both, and listen

how, in the first example, the diminished chord resolves to the major (if you're

in the same key with both chords). Dissonant should never be confused with "bad."

Many composers have used dissonance to make very "pleasing" music.

The best example I think, is Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring." I am not

going to touch on this subject much more for now.

ENHARMONIC: Tones that are actually one and the same degree of the chromatic

scale, but are named and written differently, e.g., G# and Ab, which are thus

said to be "enharmonically equivalent." Other examples include, F#

and Gb, A# and Bb, B# and C, E# and F.

--------

Bon et bien au boulot. Même pas peur. :goute:

J'envisage donc (après voir obtenu l'autorisation de l'auteur) la traduction de l'excellente introduction à la théorie musicale de Jazzbo, tirée du site Talkbass.

Pourquoi donc ?

Parce qu'elle est remarquablement bien écrite et complète, logique, progressive et adaptée à l'instrument.

Parce que y'en a marre de voir plein de sujets sur la théorie qui sont incomplets, bourrés d'erreurs et d'approximations.

Parce que la théorie musicale est notre outil de communication à tous et qu'il est dommage de l'ignorer.

Parce que c'est comme ça, faites pas chier.

Ou plutôt, faites chier.

J'accepte toutes les critiques et les coups de main.

Je n'espère pas finir ça en une journée et la traduction des termes est parfois approximatives.

Pour ce genre de démarche il faut de la rigueur et donc des correcteurs et aides rigoureux.

Pour commencer, si quelqu'un veut nous faire de belles images avec les notations françaises, il est le bienvenu.

Voilà.

Ah oui, si quelqu'un a un lien de bon dictionnaire musical en ligne pour le glossaire, je prend.

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Ah oui, si quelqu'un a un lien de bon dictionnaire musical en ligne pour le glossaire, je prend.

Il y a bien ça, mais ça m'étonnerai que cela soit suffisament complet.... :mellow:

http://www.geocities.com/msicdic/angfran.htm

En tout cas bon courage, et bravo pour l'initiative ! :blink::wink:

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Tu ne peux pas utiliser « ton » pour traduire « pitch ». Sinon on a un conflit pour l'introduction de la notion de demi-ton un peu plus bas.
Je suis moyennement d'accord. Il n'y a pas de conflit, c'est la même chose. D'ailleurs même en anglais on utilise le même mot, tone.
Je propose aussi qu'on essaye de mettre en italique les termes techniques au moment où on les introduit ? Ca permet généralement de mieux les repérer/fixer.
effectivement. J'ai limité la mise en page pour l'instant, en partie parce que mes bouton de balises ont décidé de ne pas fonctionner aujourd'hui. :goute:

Dnas le même ordre d'idée, qu'est ce qui est le plus lisible pour les notes seules ? Avec ou sans majuscule ? Plutôt Do ou bien do ? Je ne sais pas s'il y a une règle d'écriture.

Je vais intégrer ta traduction. Merci pour l'aide. J'aime bien traduire mais là il y en a beaucoup et ça demande une bonne dose d'attention pour rester cohérent.

"key" se traduit bien en "tonalité" et "root" donne "tonique" (pour un accord) ou "fondamentale".

Si quelqu'un veut se charger des schémas...

Ce serait bien aussi que les débutants complets préviennent s'ils ne captent rien. Ca permet d'adapter.

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c'est vrai que ec serai sympa la traduction de tout cela, qui va interresser beaucoup de monde et en recadrer beaucoup aussi

par contre faudrait pas rentrer dans des debats academiques sur la semantique des mots et des phrases utilisés

je propose un groupe d'étude pour que cela

et cela allègerai peut etre le travail de chacun sur le sujet

B)B)B)B)

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Si ça peut aider, voici un dico français/anglais très complet avec énormément de choix dans les traductions qui sont classées par domaine d'activité. Par exemple scale en anglais permet d'accéder à l'échelle du charpentier comme à l'échelle du cartographe ou du musicien.

grand dictionnaire terminologique

EDIT : Merde il connaît scale mais pas major ou minor ce con..... Ca coûte rien d'essayer.... Gardez le lien sous le coude pour d'autres occases.

Edited by Pierre-Antoine Roiron
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